Tips for writing formal reports Essay Example for Free

Tips for writing formal reports Essay 1. I t is necessary to write for a specific audience e.g. colleagues or the scientific public and to recognize the kind of information and order that that person or people will require. This means that there is no one format. 2. All reports must be written in the third person rather than the first or second i.e. ‘100 mls of water was added.’ Rather than ‘I’ or ‘We’ added 100 mls of water 3. A Grade Sheet is required as the first sheet This, like the rest of the report, should be produced on a word processor, double spaced on standard unlined paper with 1 inch margins all round. I t should include the experiment’s number, title of report, date and authors name. 4. Pages should be numbered from the title page onwards. 5. If this is a report produced by a student it should have a title page with the following information:- the title of the course taken, the author and title, names of any associates who assisted with the experiment, the name and address of the college department involved, the person to whom the report is being submitted such as a professor and the date of that submission. 6.This is followed by either an abstract , or the executive summary, usually of about 200 words, on occasion longer. These are written after the completion of the experiment and the rest of the report. The following points should be included, the purpose of the work, a statement of how this was accomplished and a summary of any conclusions reached together with any recommendations for future action. 7. This is followed by a table of contents. 8 There follows the introduction an explanation of why this experiment was done. 9.Then comes the experiment i.e. what was done and why 10 The results are outlined and discussed 11 Finally there must be a brief conclusion and any recommendations. 12 References should be made according to an agreed format e.g. A.P.A. 13 In some cases an appendices are needed for such things as lengthy lists of statistics or a list of calculations made. Each appendix should be numbered separately 14 Any report must be carefully checked for accuracy before submission.

Wilson’s League of Nations and Its Legacy Essay -- United Nations Hist

Wilson’s League of Nations and Its Legacy As much of the world lay in shambles as the closing to the War to End All Wars approached, President Woodrow Wilson contemplated the global state of affairs. In his Fourteen Points, Wilson expresses his desire for â€Å"a just and stable peace† and outlines ways in which to accomplish it. One of his points—the fourteenth—suggests the creation of a group of nations with a common purpose. As his idea took root, it grew into the League of Nations. Despite good intentions, the League of Nations proved too weak to be effective at the outbreak of World War II. Even though the League itself failed, the legacy of its framework and missions live on in the current international system, most obviously in the United Nations. Stated in The Fourteen Points, Wilson’s idea of the purpose of the proposed â€Å"general association of nations† was to â€Å"afford mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.† Wilson was of the belief that the victory of democracy over absolute rule would result in the victory ...

Biology: Book and Lab Coat Essay

Guidelines for Biology Experiments 1. 0 Attendance 1. 1 Attendance to practical sessions is COMPULSORY. 1. 2 If you cannot come to the class due to ill health or emergency excuses, please inform the lecturer EARLIER, so that another practical session can be arranged for you ON THE SAME WEEK. 2. 0 Lab coat 2. 1 Wearing lab coat is COMPULSORY. 2. 2 Put on the lab coat throughout the class. 3. 0 Jotter 3. 1 Jotters should contain the summary on the PROCEDURES you are going to perform during the experiment. 3. 2 It can be in the form of short notes, flow charts, mind maps, diagrams or any other forms of summary. 3. 3 Jotter should also include observation whenever necessary. 3. 4 Complete jotters must be submitted in groups prior to the experiment. The lecturer will check, mark and return them before the class ends. 4. 0 Recording observations/results 4. 1 All observation should be done on blank A4 paper 4. 2 Drawings (a) Use blank A4 paper (b) Limit to only TWO diagrams on each page. (c) Each diagram should be enclosed by a border. (d) As for scientific drawings, e. g. diagrams of cells, tissues or organelles, there shouldn’t be any discontinuous lines, overlapped lines and shades. (e) For each diagram, it must have : a. Title of the diagram, if specimen’s name write down the common name and/or scientific name b. Magnification power (if using compound or dissecting microscope) c. Labels (minimum 3 labels) 1 4. 3 Numerical data (a) Record numerical data in the particular tables. 4. 4 Graphs (a) Use the graph paper to plot any graphs. (b) For each graph, it must have : a. Title of the graph b. Title of Y- axis and X-axis c. Label (if necessary) 5. 0 Report 5. 1 Front cover (a) The standard front cover will be given to students by the respective lecturer. (b) Make sure that all particulars on the cover are completed before submitting the report. 5. 2 Format and evaluation (a) The particulars should be in the following order: – Title (as in manual book) – Objective (as in manual book) – Observation/Result (draw in blank A4 paper following the format given) – Discussion/Exercises/Questions – Conclusion (at least 2 conclusions) – References (at least 3 references following the format given) (b) The marks will be awarded (only if the experiment is conducted, i. e. the student is present during the particular experiment) in the following areas: Criteria Manipulative skill Observation/Result Discussion/Exercise/Questions Conclusion Reference Marks 25% 40% 20% 10% 5%. 5. 3 Submission of report (a) Reports of an experiment should be submitted at least THREE (3) DAYS after the experiment is completed. (b) Marks for reports submitted after the date line will be deducted. 2 HOW TO WRITE A REFERENCE FORMAT : 1. Authors: Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are eight or more authors, list the first six authors followed by three ellipses (†¦ ) and then the final author. If no author is identified, the title of the document begins the reference. 2. Year of Publication: In parentheses following authors, with a period following the closing parenthesis. If no publication date is identified, use â€Å"n. d. † in parentheses following the authors. 3. Source Reference: Includes title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or title, city of publication, publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books, titles of periodicals, and periodical volume numbers. REFERENCE BOOK Format : Author. (Year of Publication). Book Title (periodical). (Page referred). Place. Publisher Eg : Campbell, N. A. & Reece, J. B. (2007). Biology (8th ed. ). (pp. 80-94) Pearson, The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. JOURNAL Format : Author. (Year of Publication). Title of journal. Name of journal. (volume) :page referred. Eg : Keller, Margaret A. & E. Richard Stiehm (2000). Passive Immunity in Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 13 (4): 602–614. INTERNET Format : Author. (Year of Publication). Website title. Website address. Eg : Wikipedia. (2012). Eukaryote. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eukaryote 3.

The Subjectivity Of Values By Mackie - 1398 Words

In Mackie’s paper, â€Å"The Subjectivity of Values†, he aims to show us readers how â€Å"there are no objective values† (Mackie 777). He starts off by giving different arguments for this thesis. However, his metaphysical argument on queerness fails because the world is changing all around us and new things are discovered everyday. Leading on, I will give you a summary of J.L. Mackie’s â€Å"Subjectivity of Values† and explain to you Mackie’s metaphysical argument from queerness. Next, I will argue that Mackie’s metaphysical argument from queerness fails. Lastly, I will consider the objections to my argument and give my responses to them. Mackie starts his very first sentence by saying â€Å"there are no objective values† (Mackie 777). He believes that values like graciousness, gratitude, and accountability don’t exist. In making this point, he uses other philosophers’ agreement on moral objectivism to show how he thinks that all of these well-known people are wrong in their thinking. Some of these philosophers he talks about are Kant, Aristotle, and Plato. Take Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics for example. In this he talks about how knowledge and happiness are desires. However, Mackie seems to think differently. He thinks that Aristotle shouldn’t be thinking these things because it is very â€Å"plain† of him (Mackie 781). Mackie feels that is bad to think such things because we can’t have desires. If we had desires, then we would have to have â€Å"objective moral values† (Mackie 777). Mackie alsoShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Inventing Right And Wrong 909 Words   |  4 PagesValues in Meta-ethics In John Ludwig Mackie’s book Inventing Right and Wrong, he claims that â€Å"in making moral judgments we are pointing to something objectively prescriptive, but that these judgments are all false†. By saying this, he supports his main point that there are no objective values. However, John McDowell will be against Mackie’s argument, because he suggests that moral values are secondary qualities which can be objective. I hold the same viewpoint as McDowell’s. In this essay, I willRead More Mackies Arguments Against Objective Values Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesMackie?s Arguments Against Objective Values J. L. Mackie makes his position explicit by opening his article The Subjectivity of Values with this terse statement: There are no objective values. Mackie had found recent dialogue in moral philosophy to be fraught with misunderstandings and conflations of various moral positions, so he felt it necessary to rigorously define his position as well as the boundaries of his concerns. Thus his article has two major parts: First, Mackie defines the natureRead MoreEthics And The Argument On The Existence Of Subjective Moral Value1184 Words   |  5 PagesA moral is defined as concerning or relating to what is right and wrong in human behavior. 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I provide a framework which distinguishes three different versions of the theory whileRead MoreBusiness Ethics: Miriam vs. Jenny Case Study2804 Words   |  11 PagesInc. 2011, p. 1, or Nordstrom, 2011, p. 1, e.g.), rather than iron laws, in which sense they mirror the laws and rules of our society at large as indicated by our employment of juries and judges, where the absence of mitigating circumstances or subjectivity could allow us to save all that trouble and expense and just sentence deviants from a menu of every possible circumstance. The American Purchasing Society (APS) advocates (20 12, n.pag.) a relatively short list of principles and standards thatRead More Kant and Moral Values Essay4760 Words   |  20 PagesKant says that moral values are ‘good without qualification.’ This assertion and similar remarks of Plato can be understood in terms of a return to moral data themselves in the following ways: 1. Moral values are objectively good and not relative to our judgments; 2. Moral goodness is intrinsic goodness grounded in the nature of acts and independent of our subjective satisfaction; 3. Moral goodness expresses in an essentially new and higher sense of the idea of value as such; 4. Moral Goodness cannotRead MoreCompare and Contrast Functionalism and Structuralism14315 Words   |  58 PagesStenner and his colleagues as ‘the study of the relationships between social processes (which always have a psychological dimension) and subjectivity (which is always socially, culturally and historically structured). . . . [The purpose is] to shed l ight upon the relations between forms of social regulation and governance on the one hand, and forms of subjectivity, selfhood, identity and experience on the other’ (Stenner et al., Psychosocial Studies website, University of Brighton, 2010). What we can